What does the term 'fixed expenses' refer to in real estate?

The term 'fixed expenses' in real estate refers to costs that remain constant regardless of occupancy. This means that these expenses need to be paid consistently, irrespective of how many units are rented or if the property is occupied at all. Common examples of fixed expenses include property taxes, insurance premiums, and certain maintenance costs. Understanding fixed expenses is essential for real estate investors and property managers as it impacts cash flow analysis and budgeting, allowing for more accurate forecasting and financial planning.

In contrast, the other options describe costs that do not fit the definition of fixed expenses. Fluctuating costs based on market conditions or occupancy levels are often variable expenses, while costs that vary significantly each month or expenses that only occur once do not provide the predictability required to categorize them as fixed expenses.