Which of the following is considered push marketing?

Push marketing refers to strategies that involve actively promoting a product or service to potential customers, pushing the marketing message directly to them rather than waiting for them to seek it out. Cold calling and TV ads exemplify push marketing techniques because they involve reaching out to consumers directly through phone calls and mass media channels to create awareness and encourage immediate sales or engagement.

In contrast, social media engagement, networking events, and online reviews represent other forms of marketing where the customer takes a more active role in seeking out information or interacting with a brand. Social media engagement involves dialogue and interactions initiated by users, networking events focus on relationship-building rather than direct promotion, and online reviews rely on customers sharing their feedback, which can influence future buyers but does not represent a direct advertisement. Thus, the option representing push marketing is accurately identified as cold calling and TV ads, as these methods actively push information to the consumer.